List College (Jewish Theological Seminary) Admissions

A Brief Note On Taxation And Business Decisions - 1657 Words

Corporate Ethics Yolanda Bell July 20, 2016 Taxation and Business Decisions (ACCT618-1603A-01) Do corporations operate off of good ethics or profits? There are some who do not practice appropriate ethics, and you will not know it until they get caught. If your corporation can operate with good ethics, it stands to make a very good profit along with a good reputation. According to Environics International national survey, â€Å"25,000 people in 23 countries, 50 percent pay attention to the social behavior of companies† (Lowe, 2016). Also, one in five said they would report the company and refuse to buy from them (Lowe, 2016). These standards should be based on the company beliefs, behaviors, and decisions that†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Avoidance is another reason for unethical behavior because the employee feel the wrong doing will not be addressed. †¢ It can also be due to rationalization saying â€Å"everybody’s doing it† they are followers, and don’t think for themselves. †¢ Doing the wrong thing is easier than doing the what’s right †¢ Using neutral terms to describe questionable actions (Monert, 2014) What can you do to keep your employees from making unethical decisions? †¢ Treat them well- this can be accomplished by offering competitive pay, benefits, prevent on the job harassment, and properly training management. This will help prevent a large employee turnover, attendance, work quality, and motivate them to maintain company compliance. †¢ Honesty can be accomplished by providing a service to the public, or suppliers with an on time product. Provide a product to customers focusing on quality, and an affordable product. This will boost your company reputation. †¢ Be responsible if your company operates with hazardous chemical, or product making sure they are disposed of properly. Some companies have paid millions of dollars due to their poor practices in this process. For example in December of 2015, Comcast was hit with a 26 million dollar penalty for dumping hazardous waste; they also revealed customers personal info (Morran, 2015). They

Rural Clinical School Of Western Australia -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Rural Clinical School Of Western Australia? Answer: Introduction Headspace was developed by Commonwealth Government in the year 2006. Headspace is the national Youth Mental Health foundation that was established to increase the literacy of mental health, promote seek of early help enhance youth friendly access, appropriate care for young people in a social culturally way and reduce stigma (Nicholas et al. 2017). There is an importance of using digital technologies to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the healthcare system. Headspace has evolved this technology of using the new innovation of digital mental healthcare. Headspace has stated mental health strategy as a key component of National Digital Heath related with all the young people of Australia and over the world. Meditation sessions that are guided and also mindfulness training are the services that are provided by headspace. The content of Headspace can be used online and also through mobile applications. As reported in 2016, more than 6 million people were using the app of Heads pace for their use. All the guided meditation that are given online are provided by Headspace that includes the access of user through the website of the company and also through application of mobile phones such as androids and iPhones. A free ten days subscription is given to all the users that sign up with the app. After the ten days subscription the user has option to take one month subscription, one year subscription and also an option to continue with all trial material that is available. Insight meditation and calming are both the techniques that are provided in the techniques of meditation. In the year 2014, version 2 of the platform was launched. The version 2 of the platform attracted more customers than the first version. The user who signed up increased to double the number and the platform gave meditation practice of near about 125 million minutes. In version 2, after completing the first stage that is the foundation stage, the app shows four areas in which the user can subscribe. The four areas are relationship, Headspace, performance and health pro. There are different levels that show the meditation level and the gamification of the employ. The user is instructed to complete a level first and then move on to the next level to achieve a master before moving to the further next level. The time of each sessions are mostly in a video format of ten minutes. This report consists of business process that is carried out in Headspace of Australia. The business requirements of the Headspace are also discussed briefly. The system requirements that are needed to carry out the online business of headspace are also discussed. The software provider of Headspace is described briefly and three technologies that are followed by Headspace are mentioned that helps to increase the efficiency of mental health organization. For implementing the technology, the efficient level that is needed is also discussed and related risks which are found in Headspace are also stated. The guidelines to lessen those risks are also elaborately discussed. Business Processes The business processes of Headspace are carried out in different ways in the online application of the mobile app. The journey of the Headspace starts with signup with the website that is done by the users who want to get service from the Headspace. After the sign up, the user gets 10 days free trial getting all facilities of the Headspace. Headspace is a personal trainer that helps to train the users from the mind. After the login is done, a free membership is given to the users for ten days (Ellis, Churruca and Braithwaite 2017). The training is done only for ten minutes a day to get extra clarity and calm. As the training is done online through mobile app, the training is done anywhere, anyplace and anytime. All the training classes can be listened online and the sessions can be downloaded offline also for future use. After the ten days subscription the user has option to take one month subscription, one year subscription and also an option to continue with all trial material that is available. Insight meditation and calming are both the techniques that are provided in the techniques of meditation. The interested users unlock the full subscription journey of Headspace. There is an option to browse all the available sessions that are needed by the users according to their lifestyle and mood. The session length is also determined by the users. The processes that mindfulness all the activities of the everyday life are also given in the sessions provided by Headspace. The progress statistics of Headspace is given in the app itself so that the user gets to know the progress that is being done through the sessions that are taken by them. There is also an opportunity to join and link up with friends that are in need of the headspace. There is an option for a user to invite a friend for using services of Headspace who are in need of those services. Already 15 million people have joined the headspace app online and the user motivates others to get the services of Hea dspace. Business Requirements The business requirements that are used by the Headspace to conduct the online services of mental health check up is stated below (Yung 2016). The online mental health services need more equipment that is used to conduct the process smoothly. Network Equipment- The network equipments that are needed to set up a business process in Headspace Mental Health Service are the firewall, wireless devices, router, modem and switches. To set up a secure network, firewall is needed to protect all the servers that connect the user with the system. Computers and peripherals Servers are needed to connect the user with the system of Headspace Mental Health Service. The network environment that is provided to connect to network that includes running a software, access files and printing are all provided by computer. A server is used as a repository central data for users to connect to network. Personal Computers are also needed by the employees of Headspace to connect all the users and also do other online processes. As all the work is done online, the employees uses laptops and notebooks as it provides a 24x7 hours service to the users. The employees connect the users even if they are not in the office from anywhere and anytime. Scanners are needed to scan the documents of the users (Loughhead et al. 2017). As Headspace provides all time support to the users, they need a power supply that is uninterrupted to maintain the power for all time when there is shortage of power supply. Back up devices are needed to store all the information of the users as the u ser may come back after many days and their information are to be stored by the system. Also if the system crashes, so it is needed to keep a backup of all the data that are with Headspace. Webcams and microphones are used by the consultant who provides services to the customers over the phone. Headspace provides services to all the areas from an urban area to a remote area. The business should have devices like remote monitoring to access the users from remote areas. Devices like glucose meters are used by Headspace Mental Health Service to check the level of diabetes of the patients in remote areas. Telephone and internet services Telephones are needed by Headspace Mental Health Service to serve the user over the telephone. The networks that are needed are PSTN (Public Switch Telephone Network), VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) and ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). For establishing connection, data connectivity is needed to browse emails, make FOIP (Fax over Internet Protocol). ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), satellite, wireless connections, NBN (National Broadband Network) and cables are also needed by Headspace Mental Health Service. System Requirements The systems that are needed by Headspace Mental Health Service are operating systems that are licenced and also software versions of the operating systems. The operating systems that are needed are Microsoft Windows, Apple iOS and Android version of Google (McGorry, Bates and Birchwood 2013). A security to maintain the software is needed by Headspace Mental Health Service. The backup of the software should also be kept so that if the system of the software fails, then the backup will be used. Software is needed by Headspace Mental Health Service for monitoring all the other work of Headspace Mental Health Service. To keep a look on all the services, software should be installed and to maintain that an employee should be hired. Software is also needed to patching up systems that are needed in Headspace Mental Health Service. Software of patch management is required by Headspace Mental Health Service. There must be ability to access the capability and software in remote areas as Headspace provides services to all the parts. All the software that is used must support all the requirements of the business and helps to monitor all the processes of Headspace Mental Health Service that are being carried out. The software systems that are obtained and installed must be compatible with all the hardware system of the Headspace. System Software for clinical information and software used for messaging purpose and capability of secure messaging are also needed by Headspace. Accounting Software is also needed by system of practice management. Cloud Services for keeping the backup and store the information th at is used in the health record connectivity. The systems are all required for the Headspace Mental Health Service to run successfully carrying out its business online. Software and Vendor Selection The Headspace Mental Health Service takes the help of software vendor provider to control all the processes that runs in Headspace. The software vendor that is used in Headspace is the Intrahealth which has released a product of integrated software known as com.unity to support the initiatives of mental health in Headspace in Australia. The software combines the management system of Headspace with access of web portals for the patients and also for the providers of external care and also manages the mobile application for androids and iPhones. The software solution of Intrahealth is designed to solve the problem that arises in Headspace. The software of Intrahealth, com.unity provides an approach that is centric case management which helps to manage the complex health system through web access by consumers, care team provider and patients (Killackey, Mcgorry and Rickwood 2014). The application is medical records that are shared securely that are managed by Headspace for providing support to the consumer or the patient concern process. The application that manages the mobile care planning and management activities for Headspace Mental Health Service are all managed by Intrahealth so that they can manage the patient in the remote areas. The places where there is no mobile service network coverage, Intrahealth provides services offline and online. The mobile and web solutions that are provided by Intrahealth are real time and also enables sharing information in a secure way. The providers are within the part of Headspace Ment al Health Service as an extended network of care. The control and access of portals are controlled tightly in the com.unity and also provide security to the team who provides care to the system. The service providers allows the care team to view only the information that are relevant, for instance a therapist can only view the psychiatrist. The Service providers allow consumers and external providers to give the information by their own through web portal. Com.unity is adapted to perform a range of program which requires services like multi disciplinary and centralized care. Three Ways of Technologies used by Headspace to Improve Business Efficiency EHR (Electronic Health Record) - Electronic Health Record is a technology that is used in Headspace Mental Health Service to file all the data of the patients that comes from various sources into a cabinet of electronic file (Playford et al. 2014). This includes integrating of images, text and handwritten notes. The entry are viewed as a order entry that are automated and as a system to track the patient giving real time access to the patients and also keeps the record of the patients for a longer period of time so that if they comes after a long period of time, then also their data is present in the system. CPOE (Computerized Provider Order Entry) - Computerized Provider Order Entry is used in Headspace Mental Health Service as a form for ordering medicines and also for fulfillment system. Computerized Provider Order Entry is also used for taking orders from laboratories, procedures, referrals, transfers and radiology studies. CDSS (Clinical Decision Support System) This technology provides doctors and nurses for treatment and diagnostic recommendation in real time. This technology has alerts in them giving the doctors and nurses alerts for their patients and also helps in warnings that are given in prescription drug interaction showing the protocols and the paths. Clinical Decision Support System is used as a part of Computerized Provider Order Entry and Electronic Health Record. Level of Efficiency to Implement Technology The technologies that are implemented in the Headspace Mental Health Service need efficient employees to work on it. The most important technologies according to their efficiency are described as below. Smartphone The Smartphone app is one of the most important technologies that are needed in e-health of Headspace Mental Health Service. The apps are created in such a way so theta the user will be able to use those applications from anywhere and anytime (Hickie, Scott and Glozier 2014). The app of the Headspace contains a sign up process followed by four areas where the user wants to participate. A ten days free trial is given to all the customers who signs up and then the user has to select a particular domain in which he wants to be pro and subscribe the selected domain for a month or a year according to the will of customer. Hospital Diagnostic at home- A portable diagnostic is possible for all the users from home itself. The users do not have to visit the health center for check up. All things are done online and with the microchip that is present with the patient, the doctors get to know about their patients. This technology needs high level of efficiency because everything is done online through internet to support the health care system of Headspace Mental Health Service. Delivery mechanism of drug- The mechanism of drug delivery is another efficient technology that is used in the Headspace Mental Health Service. Smart pills are available that helps the patients to remain in touch with the doctors. A sensor technology is developed similar like a pill which can be swallowed and are also combined with the drugs in the form of pill. When the pill gets dissolved in stomach, the sensor gets activated and the data is transmitted to the doctors on a patch that is with the doctor or may be on a smart phone app. This data enables the patients and their doctors to get a track about the improvement of their situation after the prescribed medicine. This is most advanced technology and is very costly. Digital therapeutics- The digital therapies is another class of development that has made changes among the people. This helps the patients in long term procedure this helps to change the lifestyle by different coaching and sessions that are made by group to mitigate the risk via digital therapies. This is a high level efficiency that helps the people greatly. Digital therapies are most common in Headspace Mental Health Service because everything is done online and digitally in Headspace. Genome sequencing- This group of technology helps to detect diseases of the people and how the diseases affect them at different levels. With the genome sequencing, it is easy for doctors to understand the genetic of the particular persons disease and also get some knowledge about their response for the treatment. This helps the doctor to prescribe their patients accordingly and helps to get through their diseases. Potential Security Risks and Data Breaches The risks that are arrived in the Headspace Mental Health Service are as follows: Headspace may fail to develop its brand and market the services of headspace successfully. It may fail to expand the sale of Headspace and also marketing capabilities. System may fail in Headspace and delay may happen in operation of the communication and computer systems (Guy et al. 2016). Headspace Mental Health Service may receive delay from service provider Intrahealth for nor receiving its products and host properly. Giving respond to the technological developments may fail in Headspace Mental Health Service. The rights of intellectual property are enforced and protected by the Headspace. The service vendor may be time consuming and costly. The ability of Headspace for collection and using the information may limit the enforcement actions, regulations and law of Australia. Guidelines to Mitigate Risks The risks that are faced by Headspace Mental Health Service are mainly the credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk and other interest rate risk. Credit risks are risks that are considered to be risk on cash should be minimum. Ongoing credit evaluations are for the amounts that are made due from customers are monitored by Headspace Mental Health Service and payments are determined if there is a credit loss (Burns et al. 2014). Interest rate risks are the risks that are concerned with flow of future cash. In Headspace Mental Health Service Interest rate risks are mainly risks that are related with notes payable, debentures and also secured loans. Liquidity Risks are risks that comes when Headspace does not meets all the financial obligations. The liquidity risks of Headspace are managed by financial leverage and capital structure. The market risks that are faced by Headspace are the currency risks. As Headspace provides services all over the world, so maintain all the cash is a risk t hat comes to Headspace Mental Health Service. The currency risks are mitigated by Headspace. Conclusion This report gives a detail of the business process that is carried out in Headspace of Australia. The business requirements that are carried out in Headspace are also discussed briefly. The system requirements that are needed to carry out the online business of headspace are also discussed briefly. The software provider of Headspace is described briefly and three technologies that are followed by Headspace are mentioned that helps to increase the efficiency of mental health organization. For implementing the technology, the efficient level that is needed is also discussed and related risks which are found in Headspace are also stated. The guidelines to lessen those risks are also elaborately discussed. There is an importance of using digital technologies to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the healthcare system. Headspace has evolved this technology of using the new innovation of digital mental healthcare. References Burns, J., Davenport, T., Ricci, C., Birrell, E., Blanchard, M. and Hickie, I., 2014. It's one'smart'solution: Using new and emerging technologies to support the mental health and wellbeing of young men.Developing Practice: The Child, Youth and Family Work Journal, (40), p.6. Ellis, L.A., Churruca, K. and Braithwaite, J., 2017. Mental health services conceptualised as complex adaptive systems: what can be learned?.International journal of mental health systems,11(1), p.43. Guy, S., Furber, G., Leach, M. and Segal, L., 2016. How many children in Australia are at risk of adult mental illness?.Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,50(12), pp.1146-1160. Hickie, I.B., Scott, E.M. and Glozier, N., 2014. headspace-Australia's innovation in youth mental health: who are the clients and why are they presenting?.The Medical journal of Australia,200(8), pp.452-454. Killackey, E., Mcgorry, P. and Rickwood, D., 2014. If you're gonna do it, do it right: developing fidelity measures for the rollout of Early Psychosis headspace Services (ephs) in Australia.Early Intervention in Psychiatry,8, p.89. Loughhead, M., Guy, S., Furber, G. and Segal, L., 2017. Consumer views on youth-friendly mental health services in South Australia.Advances in Mental Health, pp.1-15. McGorry, P., Bates, T. and Birchwood, M., 2013. Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK.The British Journal of Psychiatry,202(s54), pp.s30-s35. Nicholas, A., Holloway, E., Telford, N. and Rickwood, D., 2017. Development of the headspace Family and Friends Satisfaction Scale: Findings from a pilot study.Early Intervention in Psychiatry. Playford, D.E., Evans, S.F., Atkinson, D.N., Auret, K.A. and Riley, G.J., 2014. Impact of the Rural Clinical School of Western Australia on work location of medical graduates.Med J Aust,200(2), pp.104-107. Yung, A.R., 2016. Youth services: the need to integrate mental health, physical health and social care.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology,51(3), pp.327-329.

Reformations Of School Essays - Education, Education Reform

Reformations Of School Education plays a fundamental role in the development of any nation. History is witness that those nations who did not recognized the importance of education were doomed, and education played a key role in the success of the developed nations. A successful country like America faces many challenges regarding education. Some of these challenges are: how to better achieve educational opportunity, and to find ways to deal with such problems and educational dilemmas for American children. To find the answers and solutions to these problems we can not ignore the dialogue of reforming of schools, instead, new ways of education, restructuring of American schools, and recommendations to improve might be the only answer to these problems. In the following paragraphs, problems like weak curriculum and poor standards in the schools have been identified, and recommendations have been made to eliminate these problems. Also the problems and errors regarding the distribution of funds by the governm ent for the schools have been addressed, and recommendations have been made that these funding should be distributed equally and accordingly to the states. The federal government should take this issue more seriously and assist the states on a greater level. It is a very sad fact that even now when we have entered the 21st century, a first world country like America which is supposed to be a role model for the rest of the world is facing the problem of poor standards in their schools such as goals, expectations, and requirements. There is a great contradiction on peoples standards vs. the schools standards. People set high standards that are very hard and sometimes impossible to achieve by students and teachers, whereas some schools do not match these standards and even pass kids who cannot read or have poor educational skills. In order to have high academic standards there has to be high performance in public education systems. The system needs to be changed fundamentally. Teachers can play an important role and should come together on a common platform to achieve a common goal and that is the improved quality of education. Good communication between school, school boards, and school administration is very important, so teachers can be heard and listened to. School should only hire highly qualified and proficient teachers. Students are usually introduced to a weak curriculum, most of the times they end up taking nonacademic courses than academic. School days are very short and because of poor standard in teaching students lack the opportunity to learn material in efficient ways. Some of the recommendations to make the system more efficient are to increase the number of days in school year, students should be allowed to take special courses and they should not be restricted to stay in general educational programs only. To make the curriculum strong it should include the maximum number of required academic courses. The requirements have to be very content. There has to be tougher disciple and smaller classes in order to eliminate the problem. Policies and programs should be controlled, and counselors should have to have control over curriculum, and how the teaching occurs. Other recommendations to improve education include strong leadership by principals of school. Along with the teachers proficiency in the area of teaching, there has to be staff harmony. To motivate teachers toward these changes, their school life style has to be upgraded too. Teachers should have their own office their own phones and better working conditions and attractive salaries. State should get greatly involved in the public education as well. Graduation requirements for students should be set by the state, and local districts should also have the ability to control schools. Local counselors should be given more authority and they should be authorized to hire or fire principals. Parents with low incomes who are unable to give their children basic school education should be assisted financially, and children should have more freedom to communicate and interact with teachers. Groups in the school should be more flexible depending on the students abilities. The same teachers shoul d stay with a group of students for two or three years so they have a better chance to learn the weaknesses and strengths of the students, and it is

A Marxist Approach to Global Crime

A Marxist Approach to Global Crime Introduction Global crime is one of the most important problems facing the world and most governments have taken steps to deal with it. These form of crime results in enormous costs to the society and the economy. An understanding of the causes of global crime can be helpful in mitigating this detrimental practice.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Marxist Approach to Global Crime specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Criminologists have made use of many theories and approaches to explain crime and propose ways of reducing crime. One such approach, which can be used to provide a better understanding of global crime, is the Marxist approach. This approach emphasizes socio-political as well as economic factors in explaining crime. This paper will apply the Marxist view on crime to global crime and proceed to discuss what this reveals about power, deviance, and social control. Overview of Global Crime Global crimes occur acr oss multiple national borders and organized criminal groups are the main participants in this transnational crime. Crimes that fall under the global crime category include drug trafficking, people smuggling, arms dealing, prostitution rings, and money laundering to name but a few. Global crime is economically driven and most participants seek to make the greatest amount of profit from their criminal activities. Marxists Approach to Global Crime The Marxist approach is derived from the theories of Karl Marx who is best known for his critique of the capitalist system. Marx asserted that the social institutions such as law, politics, and education, in a capitalist society â€Å"legitimize existing class inequalities and maintain the superior position held by the upper classes† (Kendall 2012, p. 175). Capitalism produces haves and have-nots and encourages people to engage in crime and different forms of deviance. While crime was not a central feature of Marxs theory of society, m any academics and researchers have been able to use Marxist theories in the analyses of crime.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to this, Marx did investigate the issues of crime, which makes his approach applicable to issues of crime. The Marxist approach to global crime is based on conflict with class power being of core importance. The relationship between the classes is one of conflict since it is based on the political domination of the labour providing class by the capital owning class. Global crime is encouraged by the capitalistic system that promotes individual achievements at the expense of other members of the society. The capitalistic economic system fosters most of the global crimes by encouraging the exploitation of one group by another and promoting the self-interest of the individuals who engage in these forms of crime. This thought is corroborate d by McGuire and McQuarie (1994) who argue, The competitive nature of capitalist society promotes social conditions that generate individualism and self-interest (p. 261). For example, Corruption of public officials is a necessary component of many global crimes. The Marxist approach suggests that these public officials are corruptible due to the capitalistic mindset that puts individual prosperity ahead of the society good (Zastrow 2009). The Marxist approach focuses on crime as the product of law-enforcement policies (McGuire McQuarie 1994). Law-enforcement policies are responsible for labelling certain global activities as crimes. While society has grown to think of crime as a well-defined phenomenon and have a stereotyped view about who the criminals are, the fact is that criminal offences and crime is not well defined and criminals are diverse. In most cases, global crime seeks to provide people with desired goods and services that cannot be obtained through legal means. Such products include; drugs, fake visas, and weapons to name but a few. In some cases, the ruling class encourages global crime since it provides goods and services which ease the hardships and deflect the energies of the underclass (Spitzer 1975, p. 508). The Marxist approach further notes that there is selective enforcement of laws with regard to global crime.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Marxist Approach to Global Crime specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While the law deals with people smuggling and drug smuggling by small criminal groups harshly, the same activity by powerful crime groups goes on unabated. International arms smuggling done by powerful actors is largely ignored by the police and the courts. The Marxist approach proposes that crime is inevitable since capitalism, which is based on exploitation, causes crime. The approach suggests that crime is the only way through which the poor working class can m ake a living and therefore ensure their survival. This assertion holds true for global crimes that are mostly motivated by economic considerations. People smuggling can trace its origin to the desperation of individuals in developing nations. From this desperation, they are forced to engage the services of people smugglers who take them to countries where they can have better economic prospects. Most participants of global crime come from poor backgrounds and they are incentivised to participate in these crimes in order to afford the luxuries that the capitalistic society promises. Implications of the Marxist Approach to: Power The Marxist approach argues that criminal law protects the interests of the rich and powerful often at the expense of the poor. Those with power are able to use their resources to avoid criminal prosecution and even having their activities labelled as crimes (McGuire McQuarie 1994). In addition to this, the ruling class is in a position to prevent the impl ementation of laws that threaten their self-interest. Kendall (2012) observes how the capitalistic state avoids introducing laws that regulate business activity or impose huge penalties on large corporations. Corporate crimes are the most serious anti-social acts and they affect millions of people worldwide.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, little attention is given to this predatory act and the government is more interested in curbing crimes such as drug trafficking and smuggling; crimes which cost significantly less in terms of money and lives than corporate crime. The Marxist approach points out that the affluent and powerful are able to protect their own interests and shield them from prosecution even when they commit crimes. Jewkes (2004) observes that those in power manipulate the media agenda to harness support for policies that criminalize those with less power in society. The media is able to manipulate reporting to create an impression that the interests of the ruling class are the same as those of the whole nation and violating the ruling class interests poses a threat to the whole nations well being. With regard to global crime, the media mostly ignores crimes done by the rich and powerful with corporate wrongs seldom being reported. The media either ignores the crimes of the powerful or misreprese nts them and consequently, news reporting remains attached to state definitions of crime and criminal law (Jewkes 2004). On the other hand, crimes perpetrated by less powerful actors are given a lot of media attention. This reflects a pervasive bias in the labelling of criminals. The ruling class decides on which activities should be criminalized and the sanctions that to be imposed on the offenders. This criminalization is not uniform and it is done for the convenience of the ruling class. The selective criminalization is best elaborated by the 18th century trade between China and European states. The main product offered by the West to China was opium and when China banned the sale of opium in her territory, Britain retaliated by attacking China and forcing her to open up her ports for trade (Bickers 2011). The European ruling class was able to impose its will due to its economic and political might. Today, the international trade in opium is criminalized by all Western powers sin ce such trade is not in their best interest. The political and economical powers of the country set the agenda for public debate on crime and the implementation of criminal justice. These agendas shape public perceptions of crime and justice. Kendall (2012) suggests that the picture of crime painted by the ruling class is manipulated so that the crimes of the working class and unemployed are over-concentrated on. On the other hand, crimes of the well-educated upper and middle classes are all but ignored. Deviance The Marxist approach views deviance as a function of the capitalist economic system. Deviance according to the Marxist approach is created by social control agencies such as the police and the criminal justice system, which label people as outside the typical law-abiding community. Becker (1963) illustrates that specific behaviour is not in itself deviant or normal and it only becomes so when people start applying labels to it. The individuals who label behaviour as norma l or criminal are therefore responsible for creating the deviance class. Hester (1992) elaborates that the ruling class has economic dominion and from this base, the class erects the legal and political superstructure. Through these institutions, the ruling class imposes its values, ideas, and beliefs that comprise the social consciousness. Deviants are therefore created by the upper class since its economic and political power enables it to make its views heard and enforced. Attributing the label of deviant to an individual or a group makes them outsiders. This increases the level of crime since the label of criminal might last for a lifetime. Once a person is identified as a member of an international smuggling group, his/her chances of engaging in this activity are increased (Zastrow 2009). This phenomenon is explained by the labelling theory, which illustrates that the deviance label makes it likely that a person will join the deviant group or subculture that society assumes he belongs to and consequently engage in further deviant acts. Social Control The ruling class is able to promote a stable society by encouraging conformity and adherence to societal values (Merton 1938). The Marxist approach emphasizes that the alleged societal values are not a reflection of a shared value system but rather the imposition of the ruling class on the rest of the society. While laws purport to be a reflection of value consensus, they are in actual sense an expression of ruling-class ideology imposed on the working class. These laws primarily protect the interests of the ruling class therefore enabling it to keep its power and influence over the lower classes. The Marxist approach declares that criminal sanctions are put in place to protect the property owners and ensure that their ability to generate wealth in future is guaranteed. McGuire and McQuarie (1994) note that the law and the administration of justice views global crime as a serious offence since it threatens those that possess the property. International drug trafficking increases the levels of crime in the cities as drug addicts engage in robbery to finance their addiction or fail to engage in meaningful economic activity since due to the effects of the drugs. Smuggling of counterfeit goods across borders denies rich corporate of their market dominance and therefore decreases their profits. The media is the most potent tool used by the upper class and the socially privileged to exert social control. The media constructs global crime and violence in such a way that it encourages populations to accept increasingly repressive forms of social control all in the name of dealing with global crime (Jewkes 2004). While all classes of the society engage in crime, the types of crime differ and the media predisposes society to focus on the crimes of the lower classes since the higher classes are the ones who control the media apparatus. Conclusion This paper set out to apply the Marxist approach to global crime. It began by documenting that the Marxist approach blames economic factors and social structures for criminal activity. The paper has discussed systematic class bias in the criminal justice system and how power and inequality affect criminal labelling processes. This approach has explained the relationship between crime and the socioeconomic realities of individuals and given insights into labelling. By using the approach, it is clear that capitalism is the root of crime. As such, global crime can only be eradicated by replacing capitalism with an egalitarian society, which does not divide people into classes. Until this is done, the world will continue to be plagued by global crime and the harmful effects it causes in society. References Becker, H 1963, Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance, Free Press, New York. Bickers, R 2011, ‘Chinas Age of Fragility’, History Today, vol. 61 no. 3, pp. 29-36. Hester, S 1992, A Sociology of Crime, Routledge , Sydney. Jewkes, Y 2004, Media and Crime, Sage, New Jersey. Kendall, D 2012, Sociology in Our Times, Cengage Learning, NY. McGuire, P McQuarie, D 1994, From the Left Bank to the Mainstream: Historical Debates and Contemporary Research in Marxist Sociology, Rowman Littlefield, London. Merton, RK 1938, ‘Social Structure and Anomie’, American Sociological Review, vol. 3 no. 1, pp. 672-682. Spitzer, S 1975, ‘Towards a Marxian Theory of Deviance’, Social Problems, vol. 22 no. 5, pp. 495-512. Zastrow, C 2009, Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare: Empowering People, Cengage Learning, NY.

Foundations of IT- Designing a Computer Architecture Essay

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Information systems role in Ernest and Young's on-line consulting Essay

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